As such, livestock becomes an important source of prey for predators. Growing densities in livestock populations can create an overlap of diets and forage competition with wild herbivores, resulting in overgrazing and decline or even local extinction in wild herbivore populations. These crops may serve as favorable feeding grounds for non- residential predators, thereby altering the natural distribution and ecology of predators and the dynamics of the prey population abundances. The unintended result is an artificially improved carrying capacity which alters mammalian ecology. Provide details!! Over the last 4 decades, state and trust ranches have been subdivided and sold as smallholdings and commercially cultivated horticultural areas. Research done in Samburu, Trans-Mara, Taita, and Kwale in Kenya illuminate the interlinkage between intensified conflict, land conversion and the development of small-scale farming. Human encroachment into national reserves is documented to occur in Nigeria, Uganda, Ghana, Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Zanzibar, and South Africa to name a few countries.Īs human population grows and settlement expands, land cover conversion is driven by the need for economic profitability and livelihood sustainability. Human population growth entails settlement expansion which has resulted in the infringement into mammalian habitats, constriction of species into marginal habitat patches, and increased direct competition for coexistence. Additionally, more often than not such expansion entails land cover conversion and shifts in wild herbivore and predator dynamics. Human population growth inherently entails settlement expansion into and around protected areas.
Human population growth and land conversion In fact, the meat export market sector of South Africa came to a halt in 2008 due to concerns over a possible outbreak of Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD), known to be spread by ungulates such as wildebeest.Ģ.1. agricultural crops, water installation, etc.), livestock depredation, and the transmission of domestic animal diseases ( Figure 1). Sustainability is rooted in the continuous loss of economic revenue due to the damage to property and infrastructure (e.g.
The most common HWC incidences undermine human welfare, health and safety which result in zoonotic diseases, physical injury, and loss of human lives. Alarmingly, HWC primarily involves endangered species and embeds broader environmental impacts on ecosystem equilibrium and biodiversity preservation. The World Conservation Union defines Human-Wildlife Conflict (HWC) as a threat resulting directly from the competition between rural communities and wild animals over natural resources, entailing consequential tangible costs to both people and wildlife. Concluding with conflict resolution strategies employed across Africa and recommendations for the effective conservation of the world’s most endangered mammals.Ĭonflicts between people and mammals currently rank among the highest main threats to conservation in Africa. Examples explore key case studies ranging from decreasing numbers of the charismatic forest dwelling elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) in the DRC, to increasing numbers of waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus) in Mozambique, and varying numbers of lion populations bordering Kruger National Park in South Africa. An in-depth analysis is essential to understanding the problem and support future conservation prospects.
#REDTAIL CRM BOOK TO VALUE RATIO DRIVERS#
This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the wide array of drivers and conservation implications of HWC incidences throughout Africa. As a result, both people and wildlife suffer tangible consequences therefore, creating the need for stakeholder’s involvement and their willingness to adopt conservation-based behaviors, as key ingredients for feasible and effective conservation counter measures. Conflicts are intensified in regions where dense human populations live in close proximity to nature, and where livestock holdings and crop fields form a significant part of rural livelihoods. Over the past two decades, I have focused my research on conservation issues that either resulted from or induce human-wildlife conflict. The coexistence between humans and mammals across Africa has led to Human Wildlife Conflict (HWC) due to the competition for limited natural resources.
0 kommentar(er)
